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Definition: A Greek term meaning “sole rule” or “single principle.” In Trinitarian theology, monarchia refers to the unity of God as one principle or source, particularly the role of the Father as the sole arche (fountainhead) of the Trinity. The Father is the one who begets the Son and from whom the Spirit eternally proceeds, while remaining consubstantial and co-eternal with the Son and Spirit.
Economic sense: The Father’s monarchia is expressed in salvation history (oikonomia), as He sends the Son into the world and the Spirit is given. In this economic order, the Son shares in the Spirit’s procession as sent by the Father, without compromising the Father’s role as the sole eternal arche.
Dogmatic sense: Affirmed by the Cappadocian Fathers, monarchia safeguards the confession of one God while distinguishing the three hypostases (Father, Son, Spirit). It rejects both polyarchia (three separate gods) and anarchia (no principle), and maintains that the Father alone is the eternal source of divinity, even if the Son participates in the Spirit’s mission in time.
Ontology
Oikonomia
Essence
Persons